A distinction must be made between those actions that are
both voluntary and intentional and those that are voluntary but unintentional.
Not all voluntary actions are
intentional, in the sense of being based on, or guided by, prior
intent. We may in some cases voluntarily perform actions that we did not
previously intend to perform (or have a prior intention of performing).
We may in some cases express an
intention to perform an action even though we know there is little likelihood
that our intention to perform that action will be fulfilled. Indeed, the action
may be one that is very difficult or nearly impossible for us to perform, even
though we have expressed an intention to perform it. We may also in some cases unknowingly
deceive ourselves as to our ability to perform an action, and we may also knowingly
or unknowingly deceive others as to our ability to perform that action.
We may also in some cases say that
we intend to perform an action that we in fact have no good reason to perform.
In such cases, there may be a lower degree of likelihood that we will fulfill
our intention to perform the action than in cases where we have good reason to
perform it.
We may also in some cases not be
able to identify all the reasons for our intentions. We may also not always be able to
explain our intentions to ourselves and to others. We may lack adequate insight
into the nature of our intentions. Other people may have difficulty interpreting
or understanding our actions when our intentions are unclear or unexplained to
them and even to ourselves.
We may also in some cases express
an intention to perform an action even though we have little or no intention of
performing that action. We may fail to recognize or admit our true intentions,
and we may consciously or unconsciously ignore, deny, or refuse to acknowledge
them.
Thus, we may in some cases make
unintentionally false or misleading statements about our true intentions, simply
because we have failed to recognize or acknowledge them.
Can we actually be mistaken
about our own intentions? If we fail to examine them when they are unclear or when
they appear to be logically inconsistent, then perhaps we can be mistaken about them.
We may also in some
cases deceive others (as well as ourselves) about our true intentions. We may conceal,
disguise, or misrepresent our true intentions.
We may also in some cases have
morally wrong and unjustified intentions (e.g. if we wrongfully intend to harm,
injure, offend, annoy, inconvenience, harass, or humiliate other people), and our statements
about those intentions may also be morally wrong and unjustified (e.g. if we
make intentionally false, deceptive, or misleading statements about those wrongful intentions).
Our having expressed an intention to
perform an action may, however, provide additional motivation for us to perform
that action, by requiring us to demonstrate our truthfulness and sincerity. Our
expression of an intention to perform an action may entail some degree of responsibility
on our part to confirm or fulfill that intention.
We may in some cases, however,
intend to perform an action without knowing all its possible consequences, and
thus the action may be intended and intentional but have unintended or unanticipated consequences.
Regarding the question
of whether a distinction should be made between an “intended” and an “intentional”
action, the distinction may depend on whether the action is
actually performed. If an action is intended, then the intention to perform
that action may or may not be fulfilled (the action may or may not actually be
performed). If an action is intentional, on the other hand, then it is actually
performed—intentionally, on purpose, or deliberately. It makes no sense to say
that an action that was “intended” but not performed was “intentional,”
although its being intended may be a manifestation of its “intentionality.”
Some examples of sentences expressing
an intention to perform an action include “I intend to do that,” “I have every
intention of doing that,” “I’m going to do that,” “I plan to do that,” “I’ve
decided to do that,” “I’ll be sure to do that,” “I won’t forget to do that,” “I’ll
remember to do that,” and “I’ll make every effort to do that.”
Other examples of
sentences expressing an intention to perform an action include “I promise to do
that,” “I feel a duty to do that,” and “I feel obliged to do that” (assuming, in
each case, that the speaker of the sentence does in fact intend to perform the
action in question).
Such phrases as “with the intention
of,” “in order to,” and “for the purpose of” may also express intention. Some examples of the use of these expressions are: “I telephoned the manager with the intention of making an
appointment,” “I’m studying Bergson’s philosophy in order to learn how to think
intuitively,” and “For the purpose of getting a new outlook on life, I decided
to buy a new pair of glasses.”
Some examples of sentences
expressing a lack or absence of intention are: “I don’t intend to do that,” “I have
no intention of doing that,” “I never had any intention of doing that,” “I
don’t plan to do that,” and “I’m not going to do that.”
